Micromobility spatial and temporal patterns within the urban landscape: considerations on demand modeling, the effects of mobility safety and transport disruptions
Date Issued
February 2026
DOI
10.1016/B978-0-443-26789-5.00014-6
Abstract
Micromobility, a rapidly growing concept in urban transportation, refers to small-sized vehicles designed for individual travel, typically operating at speeds below 25 km/h. While often associated with recent technological trends, its origins trace back over two centuries. The journey began with the “Celerifere” in 1791, followed by Karl Freiherr von Drais’s 1817 innovation—the Draisienne, which featured a saddle and handlebars. In 1861, pedals were introduced, creating the first pedal-powered bicycle. Over the years, various modifications shaped what we now recognize as the bicycle, culminating in the emergence of electric models as early as the 1890s. Later, in 1915, Arthur Hugo Cecil Gibson introduced the Autoped—a precursor to today’s electric scooters—and in 2012, Scoot Networks launched the first shared e-scooter service. This long history highlights the evolution of lightweight, personal transport solutions and their growing influence on modern mobility systems.