Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14279/19447
Title: Immune reconstitution and clinical recovery following anti-CD28 antibody (TGN1412)-induced cytokine storm
Authors: Panoskaltsis, Nicki 
McCarthy, Neil E. 
Stagg, Andrew J. 
Mummery, Catherine J. 
Husni, Mariwan 
Arebi, Naila 
Greenstein, David 
Price, Claire L. 
Al-Hassi, Hafid O. 
Koutinas, Michalis 
Mantalaris, Athanasios A. 
Knight, Stella C. 
Major Field of Science: Medical and Health Sciences
Field Category: Clinical Medicine
Keywords: Cytokine storm;Cytokine release syndrome;TGN1412;Immunotherapy;Immune monitoring;Immune-related adverse events (irAEs)
Issue Date: Apr-2021
Source: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 2021, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 1127 - 1142
Volume: 70
Issue: 4
Start page: 1127
End page: 1142
Journal: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 
Abstract: Cytokine storm can result from cancer immunotherapy or certain infections, including COVID-19. Though short-term immune-related adverse events are routinely described, longer-term immune consequences and sequential immune monitoring are not as well defined. In 2006, six healthy volunteers received TGN1412, a CD28 superagonist antibody, in a first-in-man clinical trial and suffered from cytokine storm. After the initial cytokine release, antibody effect-specific immune monitoring started on Day + 10 and consisted mainly of evaluation of dendritic cell and T-cell subsets and 15 serum cytokines at 21 time-points over 2 years. All patients developed problems with concentration and memory; three patients were diagnosed with mild-to-moderate depression. Mild neutropenia and autoantibody production was observed intermittently. One patient suffered from peripheral dry gangrene, required amputations, and had persistent Raynaud's phenomenon. Gastrointestinal irritability was noted in three patients and coincided with elevated gamma delta T-cells. One had pruritus associated with elevated IgE levels, also found in three other asymptomatic patients. Dendritic cells, initially undetectable, rose to normal within a month. Naive CD8(+)T-cells were maintained at high levels, whereas naive CD4(+)and memory CD4(+)and CD8(+)T-cells started high but declined over 2 years. T-regulatory cells cycled circannually and were normal in number. Cytokine dysregulation was especially noted in one patient with systemic symptoms. Over a 2-year follow-up, cognitive deficits were observed in all patients following TGN1412 infusion. Some also had signs or symptoms of psychological, mucosal or immune dysregulation. These observations may discern immunopathology, treatment targets, and long-term monitoring strategies for other patients undergoing immunotherapy or with cytokine storm.
URI: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14279/19447
ISSN: 14320851
DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02725-2
Rights: © Springer Nature
Type: Article
Affiliation : Imperial College London 
University of London 
University College London 
Central and North West London Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust 
St. Mark’s Hospital 
North West London Hospitals NHS Trust 
Emory University 
Queen Mary University of London 
Arabian Gulf University 
Lucid Group Communications 
University of Wolverhampton 
Cyprus University of Technology 
Georgia Institute of Technology 
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed
Appears in Collections:Άρθρα/Articles

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