Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14279/9405
Title: Sustainable options for electric vehicle technologies
Authors: Poullikkas, Andreas 
Major Field of Science: Engineering and Technology
Field Category: Mechanical Engineering
Keywords: Full electric vehicles;Grid to vehicle charging;Hybrid electric vehicles;Plug-in electric vehicles;Vehicle to grid electricity
Issue Date: 1-Jan-2015
Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, vol. 41, pp. 1277-1287.
Volume: 41
Start page: 1277
End page: 1287
Journal: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 
Abstract: In this work, an overview regarding electric vehicle technologies and associated charging mechanisms is carried out. The review covers a broad range of topics related to electric vehicles, such as the basic types of these vehicles and their technical characteristics, fuel economy and CO2 emissions, the electric vehicle charging mechanisms and the notions of grid to vehicle and vehicle to grid architectures. In particular three main types of electric vehicles, namely, the hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) and the full electric vehicles (FEVs) are discussed in detailed. The major difference between these types of vehicles is that for the last two types, the battery can be externally recharged. In addition, FEVs operate only on battery charge and therefore always employ the charge depleting mode of operation requiring high power, high energy battery packs. On the other hand, PHEVs offer the possibility of on-board battery charging and the option of charge depleting or charge sustaining modes of operation. Finally HEVs, which were the first type of electric vehicles to be manufactured, offer higher travelling range compared to PHEVs and FEVs due to the existence of the internal combustion engine. Although tank-to-wheel efficiencies of electric vehicles show that they have higher fuel economies than conventional gasoline vehicles, the well-to-wheel efficiency is a more appropriate measure to use for comparing fuel economy and CO2 emissions in order to account for the effect of electricity consumption from these vehicles. From the perspective of a full cycle analysis, the electricity available to recharge the batteries must be generated from renewable or clean sources in order for such vehicles to have zero emissions. On the other hand, when electric vehicles are recharged from electricity produced from conventional technology power plants such as oil or coal-fired plants, they may produce equal or sometimes more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional gasoline vehicles.
URI: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14279/9405
ISSN: 13640321
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.016
Rights: © Elsevier
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States
Type: Article
Affiliation : Cyprus University of Technology 
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed
Appears in Collections:Άρθρα/Articles

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