Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14279/29875
DC FieldValueLanguage
dc.contributor.authorAli, Tayyab-
dc.contributor.authorMalik, Suheel Abdullah-
dc.contributor.authorDaraz, Amil-
dc.contributor.authorAdeel, Muhammad-
dc.contributor.authorAslam, Sheraz-
dc.contributor.authorHerodotou, Herodotos-
dc.date.accessioned2023-07-14T11:22:55Z-
dc.date.available2023-07-14T11:22:55Z-
dc.date.issued2023-03-01-
dc.identifier.citationEnergies, 2023, vol.16, iss. 5en_US
dc.identifier.issn19961073-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14279/29875-
dc.description.abstractExisting interconnected power systems (IPSs) are being overloaded by the expansion of the industrial and residential sectors together with the incorporation of renewable energy sources, which cause serious fluctuations in frequency, voltage, and tie-line power. The automatic voltage regulation (AVR) and load frequency control (LFC) loops provide high quality power to all consumers with nominal frequency, voltage, and tie-line power deviation, ensuring the stability and security of IPS in these conditions. In this paper, a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is investigated for the effective control of a four-area IPS. Each IPS area has five generating units including gas, thermal reheat, hydro, and two renewable energy sources, namely wind and solar photovoltaic plants. The PID controller was tuned by a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm known as a gradient-based optimizer (GBO). The integral of time multiplied by squared value of error (ITSE) was utilized as an error criterion for the evaluation of the fitness function. The voltage, frequency, and tie-line power responses of GBO-PID were evaluated and compared with integral–proportional derivative (GBO-I-PD), tilt integral derivative (GBO-TID), and integral–proportional (GBO-I-P) controllers with 5% step load perturbation (SLP) provided in each of the four areas. Comprehensive comparisons between GBO-PID and other control methodologies revealed that the proposed GBO-PID controller provides superior voltage, frequency, and tie-line power responses in each area. The reliability and efficacy of GBO-PID methodology were further validated with variations in the turbine time constant and speed regulation over a range of  ± 25%. It is evident from the outcomes of the sensitivity analysis that the proposed GBO-PID control methodology is very reliable and can successfully stabilize the deviations in terminal voltage, load frequency, and tie-line power with a shorter settling time in a four-area IPS.en_US
dc.formatpdfen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.relation.ispartofEnergiesen_US
dc.rights© by the authorsen_US
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/*
dc.subjectautomatic voltage regulation gradient-based optimizeren_US
dc.subjectfour-area interconnected power systemen_US
dc.subjectload frequency controlen_US
dc.subjectmeta-heuristic optimizationen_US
dc.subjectPID controlleren_US
dc.subjectsmart griden_US
dc.titleLoad Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation in Four-Area Interconnected Power Systems Using a Gradient-Based Optimizeren_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.collaborationInternational Islamic Universityen_US
dc.collaborationNingboTech Universityen_US
dc.collaborationCyprus University of Technologyen_US
dc.subject.categoryElectrical Engineering - Electronic Engineering - Information Engineeringen_US
dc.journalsOpen Accessen_US
dc.countryPakistanen_US
dc.countryChinaen_US
dc.countryCyprusen_US
dc.subject.fieldEngineering and Technologyen_US
dc.publicationPeer Revieweden_US
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/en16052086en_US
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85149792116-
dc.identifier.urlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85149792116-
dc.relation.issue5en_US
dc.relation.volume16en_US
cut.common.academicyear2022-2023en_US
item.fulltextWith Fulltext-
item.cerifentitytypePublications-
item.grantfulltextopen-
item.openairecristypehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501-
item.openairetypearticle-
item.languageiso639-1en-
crisitem.journal.journalissn1996-1073-
crisitem.journal.publisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute-
crisitem.author.deptDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Informatics-
crisitem.author.deptDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Informatics-
crisitem.author.facultyFaculty of Engineering and Technology-
crisitem.author.facultyFaculty of Engineering and Technology-
crisitem.author.orcid0000-0003-4305-0908-
crisitem.author.orcid0000-0002-8717-1691-
crisitem.author.parentorgFaculty of Engineering and Technology-
crisitem.author.parentorgFaculty of Engineering and Technology-
Appears in Collections:Άρθρα/Articles
Files in This Item:
File Description SizeFormat
energies-16-02086-v2.pdfFull text4.83 MBAdobe PDFView/Open
CORE Recommender
Show simple item record

SCOPUSTM   
Citations

5
checked on Nov 6, 2023

WEB OF SCIENCETM
Citations

4
Last Week
0
Last month
0
checked on Nov 1, 2023

Page view(s)

142
Last Week
1
Last month
10
checked on May 16, 2024

Download(s) 20

128
checked on May 16, 2024

Google ScholarTM

Check

Altmetric


This item is licensed under a Creative Commons License Creative Commons